The lithium-ion battery industry has been, and will continue to be, the main catalyst for growth; it accounted for close to 50 per cent of consumption in 2017 and is expected to reach over 80 per cent by 2027.
Automotive applications were the largest market for Li-ion batteries in 2017, with Chinese sales of plug-in electric vehicles (PEV) increasing by around 20 per cent year-on-year. This placed strain on the battery supply chain which is likely to continue, with Roskill estimating that Chinese PEV sales could reach around one million units in 2021.
The lead-time between first purchase of lithium compounds and then subsequent use in Li-ion battery applications created by the automotive industry supply chain increased ‘demand’ ahead of consumption by nine per cent in 2017, a trend which is expected to intensify over the coming years. Demand for lithium is expected to approach 1.0Mt LCE in 2027.
Lithium carbonate remains the main lithium product used for batteries, forming over 80% of consumption. The use of lithium hydroxide is forecast to become more prevalent, however, accounting for over 25 per cent of lithium compounds used in rechargeable batteries by 2021 and around 55 per cent by 2027, as end-users switch to high-nickel cathodes as a result of their higher energy density and lower cobalt content. Increased demand for lithium compounds used in the Li-ion battery industry has also built on top of steady demand growth from industrial applications, which is expected to track more closely to GDP growth.
Forecast strong demand growth has incentivised the expansion of existing assets and the development of new lithium operations. The build-out of new and expanded capacity is expected to continue the oversupply of mined products, and extend to refined products towards 2020. Despite the oversupply, markets for battery-grade lithium compounds are expected to remain tight as the barriers to entry for higher grade products are more complex and demand growth is greatest for these products. Mine supply of lithium is forecast to reach over 475,000t LCE in 2018 including processed DSO, with the supply of refined lithium expected to total 307,000t LCE. By 2027, lithium mine supply is forecast to increase by over 160%, whilst refined supply is forecast to more than treble to 900,000t LCE. Supply from secondary sources is expected to show continued growth throughout the forecast period, albeit still representing less than 5% of total refined production by 2027.
Lithium prices continued to increase in 2017, for both contract prices, and Chinese spot material. Lithium carbonate and hydroxide prices are forecast to peak in 2018, before greater supply availability causes prices to fall back in 2019. A price floor of US$11,000/t battery-grade lithium carbonate is expected, before continued demand growth for battery grade lithium compounds applies greater demand-side pressure on prices beyond 2021. The premium for battery-grade lithium hydroxide over lithium carbonate is expected to re-emerge in the short term, but could disappear with more independent lithium hydroxide production from mineral concentrates